![]() Thus, understanding condensates as chemical entities requires knowledge and understanding of their compositions. The activities of biomolecular condensates are thought to derive from the assembly of specific collections of functionally related molecules into a unique physical environment. Some condensates have been shown to respond sharply to changes in concentration of key components or regulators, salt and/or temperature, suggesting that they form through highly cooperative assembly mechanisms, including phase transitions ( Beutel et al., 2019 Brangwynne et al., 2009 Falahati and Wieschaus, 2017 Li et al., 2012 Riback et al., 2017 Saha et al., 2016 Smith et al., 2016 Wang et al., 2014 Weber and Brangwynne, 2015). This process can lead to both liquid-like and solid-like structures ( Banani et al., 2017 Shin and Brangwynne, 2017 Alberti and Dormann, 2019). Many condensates form through self-assembly of multivalent molecules, including proteins composed of folded domains and/or disordered regions, RNA and DNA, and chromatin ( Li et al., 2012 Kato et al., 2012 Nott et al., 2015 Su et al., 2016 Banani et al., 2017 Gibson et al., 2019). Examples include cytoplasmic processing bodies (P bodies) associated with RNA metabolism ( Decker and Parker, 2012) promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies (PML NBs) involved in transcription, DNA damage repair, and anti-viral responses ( Lallemand-Breitenbach and de Thé, 2010) signaling clusters in T cell activation ( Su et al., 2016) and HP1 clusters in heterochromatin organization ( Larson et al., 2017 Strom et al., 2017). These structures, referred to as biomolecular condensates, are related to a variety of biological processes. Eukaryotic cells contain numerous compartments that concentrate specific sets of molecules without a surrounding membrane ( Banani et al., 2017 Shin and Brangwynne, 2017). ![]()
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